How Does The Moon Affect Animal Behavior

Science News for Students is celebrating the 50th ceremony of the moon landing, which passed in July, with a iii-function series about Earth'south moon. In part one, Science News reporter Lisa Grossman visited rocks brought back from the moon. Function two explored what astronauts left on the moon. And check out our archives for this story about Neil Armstrong and his pioneering 1969 moonwalk.

Twice a month from March through August, or so, crowds of people gather on Southern California beaches for a regular evening spectacle. As onlookers lookout man, thousands of silvery sardine look-alikes lunge equally far onto shore every bit possible. Before long, these pocket-size writhing, grunion carpet the beach.

The females dig their tails into the sand, so release their eggs. Males wrap around these females to release sperm that will fertilize these eggs.

This mating ritual is timed past the tides. So are the hatchings, some 10 days later. The emergence of larvae from those eggs, every two weeks, coincides with the peak high tide. That tide will wash the baby grunion out to body of water.

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Choreographing the grunion's mating trip the light fantastic and mass hatchfest is the moon.

Many people know that the moon'due south gravitational tug on the Earth drives the tides. Those tides too exert their ain power over the life cycles of many coastal creatures. Less well-known, the moon also influences life with its light.

Explainer: Does the moon influence people?

For people living in cities afire with bogus lights, it can be hard to imagine how dramatically moonlight can change the night landscape. Far from any bogus low-cal, the difference betwixt a full moon and a new moon (when the moon appears invisible to u.s.) can be the departure between being able to navigate outdoors without a flashlight and not existence able to run across the hand in forepart of your face.

Throughout the beast world, the presence or absenteeism of moonlight, and the predictable changes in its brightness across the lunar wheel, can shape a range of important activities. Among them are reproduction, foraging and communication. "Light is peradventure — maybe simply subsequently the availability of . . . nutrient — the most important ecology commuter of changes in beliefs and physiology," says Davide Dominoni. He's an ecologist at the University of Glasgow in Scotland.

Researchers have been cataloging moonlight's furnishings on animals for decades. And this work continues to plough up new connections. Several recently discovered examples reveal how moonlight influences the behavior of lion prey, the navigation of dung beetles, the growth of fish — fifty-fifty birdsong.

Beware the new moon

Lions of the Serengeti in the East African nation of Tanzania are night stalkers. They're most successful at ambushing animals (including humans) during the darker phases of the moon'southward cycle. But how those prey respond to changing predator threats as the night's low-cal changes throughout a calendar month has been a nighttime mystery.

Lions (top) hunt best during the darkest nights of the lunar month. Wildebeests (middle), avoid places where lions roam when it'south dark, photographic camera traps show. African buffalo (bottom), another lion prey, may form herds to stay safe on moonlit nights.

M. Palmer, Snapshot Serengeti/Serengeti Lion Project

Meredith Palmer is an ecologist at Princeton University in New Jersey. She and colleagues spied on iv of the lions' favorite prey species for several years. The scientists installed 225 cameras across an expanse almost as big equally Los Angeles, Calif. When animals came by, they tripped a sensor. The cameras responded by snapping their pictures. Volunteers with a citizen science project chosen Snapshot Serengeti then analyzed thousands of images.

The prey — wildebeests, zebras, gazelles and buffalo — are all plant eaters. To meet their nutrient needs, such species must fodder ofttimes, even at night. The aboveboard snapshots revealed that these species respond to irresolute risks beyond the lunar cycle in different ways.

Common wildebeest, which make up a tertiary of the lion nutrition, were the most attuned to the lunar cycle. These animals appeared to fix their plans for the entire night based on the moon's phase. During the darkest parts of the calendar month, Palmer says, "they'd park themselves in a safety area." Simply equally the nights got brighter, she notes, wildebeests were more willing to venture into places where run-ins with lions were likely.

Weighing as much as 900 kilograms (about 2,000 pounds), the African buffalo are a lion's near daunting prey. They as well were least likely to alter where and when they foraged throughout the lunar bicycle. "They but sort of went where the food was," Palmer says. But as nights got darker, the buffalo were more likely to course herds. Grazing this way might offer safety in numbers.

Plains zebras and Thomson's gazelles also changed their evening routines with the lunar cycle. Just dissimilar the other prey, these animals reacted more directly to changing light levels across an evening. Gazelles were more than active later on the moon had come up. Zebras "were sometimes upwards and about and doing things before the moon had risen," Palmer says. That may seem like risky behavior. She notes, notwithstanding, that being unpredictable might be a zebra's defense: Only proceed those lions guessing.

Palmer'south team reported its findings two years agone in Ecology Letters.

These behaviors in the Serengeti actually demonstrate the broad-reaching effects of moonlight, Dominoni says. "It'southward a beautiful story," he says. It offers "a very clear case of how the presence or absence of the moon can have fundamental, ecosystem-level impacts."

Nighttime navigators

Some dung beetles are active at night. They depend on moonlight as a compass. And how well they navigate depends on the phases of the moon.

In South African grasslands, a dung pat is like an haven for these insects. It offers scarce nutrients and water. No wonder these debris depict a crowd of dung beetles. 1 species that comes out at night to grab and go is Escarabaeus satyrus. These beetles sculpt dung into a ball that's ofttimes bigger than the beetles themselves. Then they whorl the ball away from their hungry neighbors. At this indicate, they will bury their ball — and themself — in the ground.

Some dung beetles (1 shown) utilise moonlight as a compass. In this arena, researchers tested how well the insects could navigate nether different dark sky conditions.

Chris Collingridge

For these insects, the most efficient getaway is a straight line to a suitable burial spot, which tin can be many meters (yards) away, says James Foster. He'southward a vision scientist at Lund University in Sweden. To avoid going in circles or landing back at the feeding frenzy, beetles look to polarized moonlight. Some lunar low-cal scatters off gas molecules in the atmosphere and becomes polarized. The term means that these low-cal waves tend to now vibrate in the aforementioned plane. This process produces a blueprint of polarized lite in the heaven. People tin can't come across it. Simply beetles may use this polarization to orient themselves. It might permit them to effigy out where the moon is, even without seeing it directly.

In recent field tests, Foster and his colleagues evaluated the strength of that betoken over dung-beetle territory. The proportion of light in the nighttime sky that's polarized during a almost full moon is similar to that of polarized sunlight during the day (which many daytime insects, such every bit honeybees, utilise to navigate). As the visible moon begins to shrink in coming days, the night sky darkens. The polarized betoken also weakens. By the time the visible moon resembles a crescent, beetles will take trouble staying on course. Polarized lite during this lunar phase may be at the limit of what the dung harvesters can detect.

Scientists Say: Light pollution

Foster'southward squad described its findings, last Jan, in the Journal of Experimental Biology.

At this threshold, light pollution could get a problem, Foster says. Artificial light tin can interfere with patterns of polarized moonlight. He is conducting experiments in Johannesburg, Due south Africa, to see if city lights affect how well dung beetles navigate.

Like a grow lamp

In the open ocean, moonlight helps infant fish grow.

Many reef fish spend their infancy at sea. That may exist considering deep waters make a safer nursery than does a predator-packed reef. Merely that's just a estimate. These larvae are as well tiny to rail, notes Jeff Shima, then scientists don't know a lot nearly them. Shima is a marine ecologist at Victoria Academy of Wellington in New Zealand. He's recently figured out a way to detect the moon'due south influence on these baby fish.

The common triplefin is a pocket-size fish on New Zealand's shallow rocky reefs. After nigh 52 days at sea, its larvae are finally large plenty to become back to the reef. Fortunately for Shima, adults carry an archive of their youth within their inner ears.

Moonlight boosts the growth of some immature fish, similar the common triplefin (an adult shown, bottom). Scientists discovered this by studying the fish's otoliths — inner ear structures that have tree-ring-like growth. A cross section, nigh a hundredth of an inch broad, is shown under a lite microscope (top).

Daniel McNaughtan; Becky Focht

Fish accept what are known as ear stones, or otoliths (OH-toh-liths). They are made from calcium carbonate. Individuals abound a new layer if this mineral every day. In much the same way as tree rings, these ear stones record patterns of growth. Each layer'south width is a key to how much the fish grew on that twenty-four hour period.

Shima worked with marine biologist Stephen Swearer of the University of Melbourne in Australia to lucifer up otoliths from more 300 triplefins with a agenda and weather data. This showed that larvae abound faster during bright, moonlit nights than on dark nights. Even when the moon is out, yet covered by clouds, larvae won't grow as much as on clear moonlit nights.

And this lunar event is not trivial. It'south about equal to the effect of h2o temperature, which is known to greatly affect larval growth. The advantage of a full moon relative to a new (or dark) moon is like to that of a one-degree Celsius (ane.8-degrees Fahrenheit) increment in h2o temperature. The researchers shared that finding in the January Ecology.

These baby fish hunt plankton, tiny organisms that drift or bladder in the water. Shima suspects that bright nights enable larvae to better see and chow down on those plankton. Similar a child's reassuring night-light, the moon's glow may allow larvae to "relax a bit," he says. Likely predators, such as lantern fish, shy away from moonlight to avert the bigger fish that hunt them by calorie-free. With nothing chasing them, larvae may exist able to focus on dining.

Simply when immature fish are set up to get reef dwellers, moonlight might at present pose a risk. In one study of young sixbar wrasses, more than half of these fish coming to coral reefs in French Polynesia arrived during the darkness of a new moon. But xv percent came during a total moon. Shima and his colleagues described their findings final year in Ecology.

Because many predators in coral reefs hunt by sight, darkness may give these young fish the best chance of settling into a reef undetected. In fact, Shima has shown that some of these wrasses appear to stay at sea several days longer than normal to avoid a homecoming during the full moon.

Bad moon rising

Moonlight may flip the switch in the daily migration of some of the ocean's tiniest creatures.

Scientists Say: Zooplankton

Some plankton — known as zooplankton — are animals or animal-like organisms. In the seasons when the dominicus rises and sets in the Chill, zooplankton plunge into the depths each morning time to avoid predators that chase past sight. Many scientists had assumed that, in the middle of the sunless winter, zooplankton would take a break from such daily up-and-down migrations.

"People generally had thought that there was null really going on at that time of yr," says Kim Last. He's a marine behavioral ecologist at the Scottish Clan for Marine Science in Oban. Simply the light of the moon appears to take over and direct those migrations. That's what Last and his colleagues suggested three years agone in Current Biology.

Scientists Say: Krill

These winter migrations take identify all across the Arctic. Oban's group institute them by analyzing data from sound sensors stationed off Canada, Greenland and Kingdom of norway, and near the Due north Pole. The instruments recorded echoes as sound waves bounced off swarms of zooplankton as these critters moved up and down in the sea.

The moon is the main source of calorie-free for life in the Arctic during winter. Zooplankton such as these copepods time their daily up and downward trips in the ocean to the lunar schedule.

Geir Johnsen/NTNU and UNIS

Normally, those migrations by krill, copepods and other zooplankton follow a roughly circadian (Sur-KAY-dee-un) — or 24-hour — cycle. The animals descend many centimeters (inches) to tens of meters (yards) into the ocean around dawn. So they rise back toward the surface at night to graze on plantlike plankton. But winter trips follow a slightly longer schedule of about 24.8 hours. That timing coincides exactly with the length of a lunar day, the fourth dimension it takes for the moon to rise, set and and then begin to rise once more. And for about half-dozen days around a full moon, the zooplankton hide particularly deeply, downwards to 50 meters (some 165 feet) or so.

Scientists Say: Copepod

Zooplankton seem to have an internal biological clock that sets their sunday-based, 24-hour migrations. Whether the swimmers also accept a lunar-based biological clock that sets their winter journeys is unknown, Terminal says. Simply lab tests, he notes, show that krill and copepods have very sensitive visual systems. They can detect very depression levels of light.

Moonlight sonata

The calorie-free of the moon even influences animals that are active past day. That'southward what behavioral ecologist Jenny York learned while studying minor birds in South Africa's Kalahari Desert.

These white-browed sparrow weavers live in family groups. Year-circular, they sing as a chorus to defend their territory. But during the breeding flavour, males also perform dawn solos. These early morning songs are what brought York to the Kalahari. (She now works in England at the University of Cambridge.)

Male white-browed sparrow weavers (left) sing at dawn. Behavioral ecologist Jenny York learned that these solos begin earlier and concluding longer when there'southward a full moon. York (right) is shown here trying to take hold of a sparrow weaver from a roost in Due south Africa.

FROM LEFT: J. YORK; DOMINIC CRAM

York awoke at three or 4 a.chiliad. to arrive at her field site before a performance began. But on one bright, moonlit morn, males were already singing. "I missed my data points for the day," she recalls. "That was a bit annoying."

So she wouldn't miss out over again, York got herself up and out earlier. And that's when she realized the birds' early offset fourth dimension was not a one-day accident. She discovered over a seven-calendar month flow that when a full moon was visible in the sky, males started singing an average of most 10 minutes earlier than when there was a new moon. York'southward team reported its findings five years agone in Biology Letters.

Classroom questions

This extra light, the scientists concluded, kick-starts the singing. After all, on days when the full moon was already below the horizon at dawn, the males started crooning on their normal schedule. Some Due north American songbirds seem to have the same reaction to the moon's light.

The earlier first time lengthens the males' average singing period past 67 percent. Some devote simply a few minutes to dawn singing; others keep for 40 minutes to an hr. Whether in that location'south a benefit to singing earlier or longer is unknown. Something near dawn songs may help females evaluate potential mates. A longer operation may very well assist the females tell "the men from the boys," every bit York puts it.

Ability Words

More About Power Words

archive (adj. archival) To collect and store materials, including sounds, videos, information and objects, then that they tin be plant and used when they are needed. The term is also for the process of collecting and storing such things. People who perform this job are known as archivists.

Chill A region that falls within the Arctic Circle. The border of that circumvolve is defined as the northernmost indicate at which the sun is visible on the northern winter solstice and the southernmost point at which the midnight sun tin be seen on the northern summertime solstice. The loftier Arctic is that most northerly third of this region. Information technology'due south a region dominated by snowfall cover much of the year.

temper The envelope of gases surrounding Globe or another planet.

average (in science) A term for the arithmetics mean, which is the sum of a group of numbers that is and so divided past the size of the grouping.

beetle An order of insects known as Coleoptera, containing at least 350,000 different species. Adults tend to have hard and/or horn-like "forewings" which covers the wings used for flight.

behavior The way something, oft a person or other organism, acts towards others, or conducts itself.

behavioral ecologist A scientist who studies how animal beliefs relates to where animals alive.

biological clock A machinery nowadays in all life forms that controls when various functions such as metabolic signals, slumber cycles or photosynthesis should occur.

biology The study of living things. The scientists who study them are known as biologists.

calcium carbonate The principal chemical compound in limestone, a rock made from the tiny shells of ancient marine organisms. Its formula is CaCO_three (significant information technology contains one calcium atom, 1 carbon atom and three oxygen atoms). It's also the active ingredient in some antacid medicines (ones used to neutralize stomach acids).

citizen science Scientific research in which the public — people of all ages and abilities — participate. The data that these citizen "scientists" collect helps to advance research. Letting the public participate means that scientists can get information from many more than people and places than would be available if they were working alone.

colleague Someone who works with another; a co-worker or team member.

compass An instrument that uses magnetized substances to show the direction of magnetic north.

copepod A type of small crustacean institute in table salt and fresh h2o. Some species of them are plankton, floating with the currents. Others spend time on the body of water floor. These animals aren't express to oceans; copepods too are establish in freshwater, from ponds to puddles. They oft serve as food for larger species, and most swallow phytoplankton — unmarried-celled organisms that get their energy from the sun.

coral Marine animals that often produce a difficult and stony exoskeleton and tend to alive on reefs (the exoskeletons of expressionless antecedent corals).

daunting A description for something that is intimidating and which seems hard to imagine in detail such that y'all can effigy out how to cope with, master or attain it.

defense (in biological science) A natural protective action taken or chemic response that occurs when a species confront predators or agents that might damage it. (adj. defensive)

dung beetle A blazon of insect found on all continents except for Antarctica. They feed on a soupy liquid that they extract from fauna feces (or dung). Able to fly long distances, these beetles use specialized antennae to sniff out the dung and domicile in on this nutrient source,

ecology A branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to 1 another and to their physical surround. A scientist who works in this field is chosen an ecologist.

ecosystem A group of interacting living organisms — including microorganisms, plants and animals — and their physical environment within a particular climate. Examples include tropical reefs, rainforests, alpine meadows and polar tundra. The term tin can also exist applied to elements that make up some an artificial environment, such as a company, classroom or the internet.

fertilize (in biology) The merging of a male person and a female reproductive cell (egg and sperm) to prepare in create a new, independent organism. (in agriculture and horticulture) To provide basic chemical nutrients for growth.

field An area of report, as in: Her field of research was biology. Also a term to describe a existent-world environment in which some research is conducted, such as at sea, in a forest, on a mountaintop or on a urban center street. It is the opposite of an bogus setting, such as a research laboratory. ty (by a gravitational field), mass (by a Higgs field) or electricity (past an electrical field).

focus The point at which rays (of calorie-free or heat for example) converge sometimes with the aid of a lens. (In vision, verb, "to focus") The action a person's eyes accept to adapt to low-cal and distance, enabling them to see objects clearly.

fodder To search for something, particularly nutrient. It's also a term for the food eaten by grazing animals, such as cattle and horses.

fundamental Something that is basic or serves as the foundation for another thing or idea.

Greenland The earth's largest island, Greenland sits between the Chill Ocean and North Atlantic. Ice covers roughly 80 percent of Greenland. Indeed, the Greenland ice sheet is the earth'southward largest. Although this is the 12th biggest nation (based on expanse), Greenland averages the fewest people per foursquare kilometer of its surface surface area.

grunion Pocket-size silvery fish found off of the coast of southern California. They are renowned for flinging themselves onto beaches when the moon is full and the tide is high to spawn in moisture sand.

invertebrate An brute defective a backbone. About xc pct of brute species are invertebrates.

krill Tiny shrimplike crustaceans that live in the ocean and are the master food source of some whales.

larvae (sing. larva) The young of an insect, which often has a distinctly different form as an adult. (Sometimes this term is used to describe such a phase in the evolution of fish, frogs and other animals.)

life wheel The succession of stages that occur as an organism grows, develops, reproduces — and and then somewhen ages and dies.

lite pollution The intrusion of unwanted light into areas that would naturally remain dark. Light pollution interferes with our ability to view the night sky. It also alters the circadian rhythms of plants, animals and people.

lunar Of or relating to Earth's moon.

marine biologist A scientist who studies creatures that live in ocean water, from bacteria and shellfish to kelp and whales.

migration (five. migrate) Movement from one region or habitat to another, especially regularly (and according to the seasons) or to cope with some driving force (such equally climate or state of war). An private that makes this motion is known as a migrant.

molecule An electrically neutral grouping of atoms that represents the smallest possible amount of a chemic compound. Molecules tin be fabricated of single types of atoms or of unlike types. For instance, the oxygen in the air is fabricated of two oxygen atoms (O₂); water is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H₂O).

moon The natural satellite of whatever planet.

navigate To observe one'south way through a landscape using visual cues, sensory data (like scents), magnetic information (like an internal compass) or other techniques.

new moon The phase of the moon that appears fully nighttime, when viewed from World. At this time, the moon will sit between the earth and lord's day. So the lunar face lit by the lord's day is turned away from the states.

New Zealand An island nation in the southwest Pacific Bounding main, roughly one,500 kilometers (some 900 miles) east of Commonwealth of australia. Its "mainland" — consisting of a North and South Isle — is quite volcanically active. In addition, the country includes many far smaller offshore islands.

nutrient A vitamin, mineral, fat, saccharide or protein that a institute, animal or other organism requires as role of its food in gild to survive.

organism Any living matter, from elephants and plants to bacteria and other types of single-celled life.

physiology The co-operative of biology that deals with the everyday functions of living organisms and how their parts function. Scientists who piece of work in this field are known as physiologists.

plankton A small organism that drifts or floats in the sea. Depending on the species, plankton range from microscopic sizes to organisms about the size of a flea. Some are tiny animals. Others are plantlike organisms. Although private plankton are very small, they form massive colonies, numbering in the billions. The largest brute in the globe, the bluish whale, lives on plankton.

polarization (in physics) The condition — or creation of a status — in which rays of wavelengths of lite exhibit dissimilar properties when viewed from unlike directions.

predator (adjective: predatory) A animate being that preys on other animals for most or all of its nutrient.

prey (north.) Fauna species eaten past others. (v.) To attack and eat another species.

proportion The corporeality of a sure component of a mixture relative to other components. For example, if a bag contains 2 apples and iii oranges, the proportion of apples to oranges in the bag is ii to 3.

range The total extent or distribution of something. For instance, a plant or animate being's range is the area over which it naturally exists. Also, the distance within which something tin exist reached or perceived.

reef A ridge of rock, coral or sand. It rises up from the seafloor and may come up to just above or merely nether the water'south surface.

risk The chance or mathematical likelihood that some bad thing might happen. For instance, exposure to radiation poses a risk of cancer. Or the run a risk — or peril — itself. (For instance: Amid cancer risks that the people faced were radiation and drinking water tainted with arsenic.)

sea An ocean (or region that is part of an ocean). Different lakes and streams, seawater — or ocean water — is salty.

sensor A device that picks upwards information on physical or chemic weather condition — such as temperature, barometric force per unit area, salinity, humidity, pH, light intensity or radiations — and stores or broadcasts that information. Scientists and engineers frequently rely on sensors to inform them of conditions that may change over time or that exist far from where a researcher tin measure them straight. (in biological science) The structure that an organism uses to sense attributes of its environment, such as heat, winds, chemicals, moisture, trauma or an assail past predators.

sound moving ridge A moving ridge that transmits sound. Sound waves have alternating swaths of high and low pressure.

species A group of similar organisms capable of producing offspring that can survive and reproduce.

sperm The reproductive prison cell produced by a male person animal (or, in plants, produced by male organs). When 1 joins with an egg, the sperm cell initiates fertilization. This is the first stride in creating a new organism.

swarm A large number of animals that have amassed and now move together. People sometimes use the term to refer to huge numbers of honeybees leaving a hive.

Tanzania A nation in East Africa that sits but south of the equator. It's well known in science communities equally domicile to the East African Rift valley, where many hominid fossils take turned up. With a pocket-sized population, many big wildlife species remain, including lions, rhinos, elephants, zebras, hippos, cheetahs and giraffes. The state is bordered by the Indian Bounding main to the e; Kenya and Uganda to the due north; Ruwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo to the w; and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the southward. Information technology became a country in 1964. Information technology's official capital is Dodoma.

threshold A lower limit; or the lowest level at which something occurs.

tides (adj. tidal ) The alternate rising and falling of the sea, unremarkably twice in each lunar twenty-four hour period at a item place, due to the attraction of the moon and dominicus.

vibrate To rhythmically shake or to movement continuously and chop-chop back and forth.

wave A disturbance or variation that travels through space and matter in a regular, oscillating mode.

weather Conditions in the atmosphere at a localized place and a detail time. It is usually described in terms of particular features, such equally air pressure, humidity, moisture, whatever atmospheric precipitation (rain, snow or ice), temperature and air current speed. Conditions constitutes the actual conditions that occur at whatsoever time and place. It's dissimilar from climate, which is a clarification of the weather that tend to occur in some general region during a particular month or season.

wildebeest A blazon of antelope found in Africa. These animals are about 1.5 meters (v feet) tall, travel in herds, eat grass and are commonly institute in Serengeti National Park in Tanzania, likewise as on the Masai Mara Game Reserve in Kenya and Liuwa Plain National Park in Zambia.

zooplankton Pocket-size organisms that drift in the sea. Zooplankton are tiny animals or animal-like organisms (such as protozoa) that eat other plankton. They also serve as an of import food source for other marine creatures.

Citations

Journal: J.J. Foster et al. Orienting to polarized light at night — matching lunar skylight to operation in a nocturnal beetle.Periodical of Experimental Biology. Published online January 28, 2019. doi:10.1242/jeb.188532.

Journal: J.S. Shima and S.Eastward. Swearer. Moonlight enhances growth in larval fish.Ecology. Vol. 100, Jan 2019, p. e02563. doi:10.1002/ecy.2563.

Journal: J.Due south. Shima et al. Born at the right time? A conceptual framework linking reproduction, development, and settlement in reef fish.Ecology. Vol. 99, January 2018, p. 116. doi:10.1002/ecy.2048.

Periodical: M.S. Palmer et al. A 'dynamic' landscape of fear: prey responses to spatiotemporal variations in predation risk across the lunar cycle.Ecology Letters. Vol. 20, November 2017, p. 1364. doi: ten.1111/ele.12832.

Periodical: K.S. Last et al. Moonlight drives ocean-scale mass vertical migration of zooplankton during the Arctic winter.Electric current Biology. Vol. 26, Jan 25, 2016, p. 244. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.038.

Journal: V.V. Vyazovskiy and R.G. Foster. Sleep: A biological stimulus from our nearest celestial neighbour?Current Biology. Vol. 24, June 16, 2014, p. R557. doi:x.1016/j.cub.2014.05.027.

Periodical: J.Eastward. York, A.J. Young and A.North. Radford. Singing in the moonlight: dawn vocal performance of a diurnal bird varies with lunar phase.Biology Letters. Vol. 10, Jan 31, 2014. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0970.

Wordfind

Erin Wayman is the mag managing editor at Scientific discipline News. She has a principal's degree in biological anthropology from the University of California, Davis and a main's degree in science writing from Johns Hopkins Academy.

Source: https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/moon-has-power-over-animals

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